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The increased capabilities of generative artificial intelligence (AI) have dramatically expanded its possible use cases in medicine. We provide a comprehensive overview of generative AI use cases for clinicians, patients, clinical trial organizers, researchers, and trainees. We then discuss the many challenges—including maintaining privacy and security, improving transparency and interpretability, upholding equity, and rigorously evaluating models—that must be overcome to realize this potential, as well as the open research directions they give rise to. 

Abstract ObjectiveLeverage electronic health record (EHR) audit logs to develop a machine learning (ML) model that predicts which notes a clinician wants to review when seeing oncology patients. Materials and MethodsWe trained logistic regression models using note metadata and a Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) text representation. We evaluated performance with precision, recall, F1, AUC, and a clinical qualitative assessment. ResultsThe metadata only model achieved an AUC 0.930 and the metadata and TF-IDF model an AUC 0.937. Qualitative assessment revealed a need for better text representation and to further customize predictions for the user. DiscussionOur model effectively surfaces the top 10 notes a clinician wants to review when seeing an oncology patient. Further studies can characterize different types of clinician users and better tailor the task for different care settings. ConclusionEHR audit logs can provide important relevance data for training ML models that assist with note-writing in the oncology setting. 

The large amount of time clinicians spend sifting through patient notes and documenting in electronic health records (EHRs) is a leading cause of clinician burnout. By proactively and dynamically retrieving relevant notes during the documentation process, we can reduce the effort required to find relevant patient history. In this work, we conceptualize the use of EHR audit logs for machine learning as a source of supervision of note relevance in a specific clinical context, at a particular point in time. Our evaluation focuses on the dynamic retrieval in the emergency department, a high acuity setting with unique patterns of information retrieval and note writing. We show that our methods can achieve an AUC of 0.963 for predicting which notes will be read in an individual note writing session. We additionally conduct a user study with several clinicians and find that our framework can help clinicians retrieve relevant information more efficiently. Demonstrating that our framework and methods can perform well in this demanding setting is a promising proof of concept that they will translate to other clinical settings and data modalities (e.g., labs, medications, imaging).